Grand Army of the Republic/Legends

"As my first act with this new authority, I will create a Grand Army of the Republic to counter the increasing threats of the Separatists."

- Supreme Chancellor Palpatine

The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), also known as the clone army or Republic Army, was the main part of the armed forces of the Galactic Republic in its final years, becoming one of the largest armies ever assembled, although not as large as the Separatist Droid Army. After the Clone Wars, it served as the nucleus for the armed forces of the Galactic Empire.

It was created by the Kaminoan cloners on Kamino. It was comprised of two hundred thousand growth-accelerated clone trooper units and their war machines as of the start of the Clone Wars.

After the initial engagements, a million more clone units were added to the ranks of the army, followed by numerous additional divisions by the conclusion of the war, by which point it was one of the largest ever assembled.

The template for the clones was the bounty hunter Jango Fett, whose only request in return, in addition of course to an abundance of credits, was an unaltered clone by the name of Boba.

History
"A clone army...And I must say, one of the finest we've ever created..."

- Lama Su



At the beginning of the Palpatine administration (32 BBY), the Republic had no standing armed forces, though the debate about the reinstatement of an army and navy had been ongoing for decades. At one time, the Republic's military forces were considerable, but in the wake of the New Sith Wars (1,000 BBY), a gradual process of downscaling began, in favor of increased support from the Jedi Order. More and more often, the Jedi were called upon to act as negotiators with teeth. But as crises piled upon each other, some within the Order began to sense a coming darkness, which their numbers alone would not be sufficient to fight. The creation of a clone army was secretly ordered by Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas without the knowledge or approval of his comrades, in response to the growing shadow in the Force, though his army would soon be discovered by Darth Sidious who plotted to use the clone army and its emergency codes for his own plans.

The GAR's first engagement would be at the Battle of Geonosis, where it successfully routed an unexpecting droid army. However, this merely started off the much larger Clone Wars, in which the army would take heavy losses.

Though the clone troopers fought under the Jedi for most of the Clone Wars, Supreme Chancellor/Emperor Palpatine wrested executive control over the army from the Jedi late in the war, and used the army to destroy the Order at the start of the Great Jedi Purge when he created the Galactic Empire on the eve of the war's end. Palpatine would quickly transform the clone army into the Stormtrooper Corps and integrated it into the military of his new Empire.

Before the end of the war, the Sector Governance Decree was issued, which placed governors on every world of the Republic, along with their own force of clone troopers. It also created the position of Moff or sector governor. Fearing for the future of democracy and the Senate's powers, this decision was one of several protested by the Delegation of 2000, but they were overruled. Governors and their clone regiments began arriving on their designated worlds soon after.

The total amount of clones involved in the war is not known, as their ranks were bolstered by new stocks and volunteers as the fighting dragged on. During the Galactic Civil War, clones of Jango Fett's lineage made up about 1/3 of all stormtroopers in the Galactic Empire, but it is not known how many had fought in the Clone Wars.

Order of Battle
The army was split into separate Orders of Battle (ORBATs). These were regular forces, and special forces. Most of the structure of the regular forces was unchanged through the Clone Wars and was even used by the Galactic Empire. The special forces were highly independent clone commandos that had specific objectives and required very little help from Jedi commanders.

Command structure of regular forces

 * Grand Army&mdash;10 systems armies, a total of 3,000,000 troops, with Supreme Chancellor Palpatine as commander-in-chief.
 * Systems Army&mdash;2 Sector Armies (294,912 troops) led by a High Jedi General (Jedi High Council member).
 * Sector Army&mdash;4 corps (147,456 troops) led by a Senior Jedi General (Jedi Master).
 * Corps&mdash;4 legions (36,864 troops) led by a clone marshal commander and a Jedi General.
 * Legion/Brigade&mdash;4 regiments (9,216 troops) led by a senior clone commander and a Jedi General.
 * Regiment&mdash;4 battalions (2,304 troops) led by a clone trooper commander, clone regimental commander, and a Padawan Commander.
 * Battalion&mdash;4 companies (576 troops) led by a major. (Speculated)
 * Company&mdash;4 platoons (144 troops) led by a captain.
 * Platoon&mdash;4 squads (36 troops) led by a lieutenant.
 * Squad&mdash;9 soldiers led by a sergeant.

Command structure of special forces

 * Special Operations Brigade (SO BDE)&mdash;20 groups (10,000 men), commanded by Senior Jedi General Arligan Zey, made up of 10 battalions by one year after the Battle of Geonosis.
 * Commando Group&mdash;5 companies (500 men), commanded by Jedi General Bardan Jusik (Jedi Knight).
 * Company&mdash;5 troops (100 men).
 * Troop&mdash;5 squads (20 men).
 * Squad&mdash;4 men.

Command hierarchy

 * Supreme Chancellor/Supreme Commander
 * High Jedi General
 * Senior Jedi General
 * Jedi General
 * Jedi Commander
 * Clone marshal commander
 * Senior clone commander
 * Clone regimental commander
 * Clone trooper commander
 * Clone trooper major
 * Clone trooper captain
 * Clone trooper lieutenant
 * Clone trooper sergeant
 * Clone trooper

Artillery

 * All Terrain Attack Pod
 * All Terrain Experimental Transport
 * Self-Propelled Heavy Artillery
 * Unstable Terrain Artillery Transport

Armored

 * All Terrain Armored Transport
 * All Terrain Heavy Enforcer
 * All Terrain Tactical Enforcer
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A4 Juggernaut
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A5 Juggernaut
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A6 Juggernaut
 * A5-RX Battle Tank

Heavy cavalry

 * All Terrain Scout Transport
 * All Terrain Personal Transport
 * Infantry Support Platform
 * TX-130 Saber-class fighter tank
 * TX-130T fighter tank

Combat service support

 * Low Altitude Assault Transport/carrier
 * Low Altitude Assault Transport/vehicle

Aerial assault

 * High-Altitude Entry Transport-221
 * Low Altitude Assault Transport/infantry
 * V-19 Torrent starfighter

Mechanized infantry

 * All Terrain Armored Transport
 * All Terrain Open Transport
 * All Terrain Tactical Enforcer
 * CR20 troop carrier
 * CR25 troop carrier
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A4 Juggernaut
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A5 Juggernaut
 * Heavy Assault Vehicle/wheeled A6 Juggernaut
 * Republic troop transport

Reconnaissance

 * 74-Z speeder bike
 * All Terrain Recon Transport
 * All Terrain Scout Transport
 * BARC speeder
 * Republic recon speeder
 * 105-K lancer bike
 * A5-RX Battle Tank

Notable units

 * 7th Sky Corps
 * 9th Assault Corps
 * 41st Elite Legion
 * 91st Reconnaissance Corps
 * 212th Attack Battalion
 * 327th Star Corps
 * 442nd Siege Battalion
 * 501st Legion
 * Delta Squad
 * Galactic Marines
 * Homeworld Security Command
 * Lancer Battalion
 * Muunilinst 10
 * Omega Squad
 * Sky Corps
 * Squad Seven

Behind the scenes
The GAR is actually the second armed force in the prequels to be given the name "grand army". The first was the Gungan Grand Army from The Phantom Menace. No one has yet explained Lucas's penchant for using this term for his military organizations, though it can be speculated that he was fond of the name of Napoleon Bonaparte's imperial armed forces, the Grand Army or La Grande Armée.

As Karen Traviss is one of the people who have written extensively about the Grand Army of the Republic, the terminology used in the Expanded Universe by the Grand Army is similar to that of the British Armed Forces, as Traviss herself is British.

Also, the name "Grand Army of the Republic" uses the same formalized language as armed forces used in the American Civil War (1861-1865). Though the overall Union Army (also known as the Northern Army or Federal Army) was named simply, its major units were given formal designations based on rivers. Thus, they were named Army of the Potomac, Army of the Ohio, Army of the Tennessee, and so on. One unit in particular, which newspapers referred to as the Grand Army of the West, was commanded by General William Tecumseh Sherman during his march through the South, and it may be this that inspired Lucas as well as the Napoleonic model. It should also be noted that the post-Civil War Union veterans' association was known as the "Grand Army of the Republic".


 * The Confederate States Army, or CSA, named its units after states or geographic regions rather than rivers, such as the Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of Tennessee, the Army of the Peninsula, and the Army of the Northwest. The Confederate veterans' organization was known as the United Confederate Veterans.


 * The ongoing references to the American Civil War may be one of Lucas's subtle ways of utilizing the language of the actual Civil War to flesh out his own fictitious civil war. This is likely also why he used the name "Confederacy" to refer to the breakaway segments of the Republic, as opposed to some other name.

Numbers
There has been some controversy regarding the actual number of clones that comprised the Grand Army of the Republic. In Attack of the Clones, the Kaminoan prime minister, Lama Su, informed Obi-Wan Kenobi that 200,000 "units" were ready for deployment immediately prior to the outbreak of the Clone Wars, with a million more "well on the way". Although the film itself does not elaborate on what Su meant when he spoke of "units", the novelization and most Expanded Universe sources have treated the term as though it referred to individual clones (in the novelization, it is assumed by Kenobi that one unit equals one clone). This is backed up by a statement in Inside the Worlds of Star Wars: Attack of the Clones (p. 21): "When Obi-Wan arrives, Tipoca is already primed to deliver 200,000 clone troops, while facilities across the planet are equipped to produce millions more."

This means that, at the beginning of the war, the Grand Army would have consisted of 200,000 clones, increasing in number quickly to 1,200,000, a figure apparently attained by the time of Shatterpoint (written by Matthew Stover), set six months after the Battle of Geonosis. A figure of ~3 million clones was cited in the article Guide to the Grand Army of the Republic and the novel Republic Commando: Triple Zero (both written by Karen Traviss, with Ryan Kaufman as co-author on the Guide...), set a year after Geonosis.

In a later discussion on TheForce.net's literature boards, statements were made by Kaufman denying that this was treated as a definitive figure for the total army:

Additionally, most stories made since AOTC have shown dozens of battles, during many of which the clones sustained massive losses, casting doubt about arguments that they represented a "small, elite, special operations force" compared with regular battle droids. The Cestus Deception states that a million clones have died, and this is only as of 21 BBY, at most a year after the Geonosis invasion.

Some fans point to the existence of Spaarti clones, and the massive number of recruits as possible explanations for high troop figures. Recruitment was mentioned in The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War and The New Essential Chronology, and non-clone forces were seen in Jedi Trial. Spaarti cloning technology did not become available to the Republic until eight months after the Battle of Muunilinst, however, and the entire need for the clone army arose from the fact that the Republic had no central military organization to organize and carry out a war against the Separatist forces.

From sources like Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter and Nomad, and even through various Star Wars: Republic comics and the novels Labyrinth of Evil and Jedi Trial, there are several instances before and after the Battle of Geonosis showing non-clone soldiers serving as the majority of forces in military conflicts and being actively recruited by various military organizations. The reliability and quality of mercenaries and bounty hunters would not be high, and having large numbers of non-clone troops available from the outset of the war would have eliminated the need for a clone army and ended/prevented the controversy over the Military Creation Act. It should also be stated that the sources that depict non-clone forces prior to Geonosis are all referring to small-scale conflicts and minor battles.

Additionally, the non-clone military forces in the Battle of Praesitlyn in Jedi Trial were largely non-Republic mercenary forces. The Sons and Daughters of Freedom mercenary group, which contained 50,000 infantry troops and thousands more serving as armored unit and starship crew members, had its number of active members reduced to fewer than 2,000 operatives by the end of the battle. Moreover, the non-clone Praesitlyn Defense Force is entirely wiped out by the droid invasion force, with its own commander stating that non-clones are far capable at combating battle droids. Likewise, while the Republic force sent to Praesitlyn consisted of only 20,000 clones, as well as additional non-clones, the only non-clones described in the novel are member of either the command staff, starship crews, or support personnel. When that force faced off against the Separatist force of over one million droids, the clones took extremely heavy casualties and would have lost the battle had it not been for two successful suicide missions undertaken by the commanding Jedi General against the Separatist leadership.

Most of the initial clones would go on to fight in the Battle of Geonosis, with 192,000 clone troopers deployed on the battlefield there (Star Wars: Complete Locations, p. 88), and an unknown number serving as crew aboard the twelve Acclamator-class assault ships that landed troops on the surface or the "thousands" of Republic ships descending upon the grounded Confederate fleet (Attack of the Clones novel).

The ground troops suffered a large number of casualties; reports on the ships arriving at the medical facilities stationed at Ord Mantell listed 12,000 in need of triage, 8,000 walking wounded, and 72,000 combat-fit troops (Republic Commando: Hard Contact). General Grievous personally killed "entire clone trooper companies" or at least 288 troopers plus officers according to Unknown Soldier: The Story of General Grievous. The 100,000 missing troops in the Ord Mantell report indicates either the use of multiple bases, that 100,000 was considered an appropriate garrison force (since one was established after the destruction of the Geonosis foundries in Star Wars: Complete Locations), or that the Grand Army suffered over 50% casualties in its first victory.

The Revised Core Rulebook states that the Republic immediately ordered 1,000 more Acclamators, indicating an army of at least 16 million troops, though whether they were intended for use by clones or non-clones is still in contention. Additionally, Traviss's own Triple Zero states that (at least up to that point of the war) all Acclamators are fully crewed by clones; combined with the twelve Acclamators present at Geonosis, that would mean that around 713,000 clones (or 23% the entire fighting force of the Republic) were tied up as largely noncombatant ship crews.

Labyrinth of Evil describes clones being an omnipresent force on Coruscant, acting as security and anti-terrorism forces. Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary also states that clone troopers are an "ubiquitous" presence on Coruscant and other worlds.

The Sector Governance Decree, individual governors were assigned to each and every planet in the Republic with regiments for their "protection." (Revenge of the Sith novel). These actions were occurring at a time when the Republic forces were stretched thin and to the point of being pushed out of system after system (Revenge of the Sith novel) as well as conducting the lengthy Outer Rim Sieges (Star Wars: Clone Wars, Revenge of the Sith).

It is not surprising that Lama Su stated that all clones take this long in Attack of the Clones, as the Kaminoans were businesspeople, and they were known to boast that their advanced model clones were the same as the stock units, just renamed to encourage higher sales (Star Wars: The Pengalan Tradeoff).

The largest figure given for the Grand Army, so far, was millions of clone divisions, which were undergoing intense combat evaluation at the start of the war. This information was stated in Inside the Worlds of Star Wars: Attack of the Clones (written by Simon Beecroft and Curtis Saxton), a book dealing directly with the worlds presented in the film. It was later restated in Star Wars: Complete Locations, which gathered information from the previous three Inside... books, as well as new pieces of information.

As to the disparity with the numbers of battle droids, the short story, Odds, suggested that the CIS only had hundreds of millions of battle droids, with the larger figures being chalked up to propaganda on the part of Palpatine. This directly contradicts the article The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War, which stated that Grievous commanded several quintillion droids. Any Republic propaganda dedicated towards its own people would have had little impact on the enemy's supreme commander, who has actual access to his own troops. On the other hand, the numbers given in The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War are somehow flawed by the huge disparity between the number of its various mechanized war machines (battle droids, Vulture droids, tri-fighters, tank droids, Hailfire droids, etc.), said to be only in the billions, and the quintillions that Grievous commanded. Standard battle droids are produced much quicker and are more dispensable than droid vehicles, however, and the "quintillions of battle droids" could also include CIS droids not used in battle (such as OOM pilot battle droids).

Revenge of the Sith: Incredible Cross-Sections also noted that, because of millions of Separatist warships being locked up in battles with Republic fleets, only a few thousand frigates and destroyers could assault the galactic capital towards the end of the war, accompanied by dozens of battleships. The Revenge of the Sith novelization states (from the out-of-universe perspective of the narrator) that the CIS had pursued the war to that point through sheer force of numbers, with its droids outnumbering the clones, and even implies that the Confederacy was actually winning at several points.

With the Dorling Kindersley line of books (which first mentioned specific droid numbers), being written from an out-of-universe perspective, high droid numbers would have been stated matter-of-factly, and any deception would have been noted (as it was with the mention of Invisible Hand trading places with its sister-ships, in DK's ROTS:ICS).

It should also be borne in mind that a battle droid is not directly equivalent to a clone trooper; standard B1 battle droids were cheap, expendable units, often used for foot patrol in civilian areas. They were typically deployed for combat in massed units that lacked the initiative and versatility of real soldiers, relying instead on sheer numbers to overwhelm opposition, although elite droids like B2 super battle droids and droidekas were both numerous and relatively intelligent. Odds also depicts extensive sabotage of droid production lines. According to the story, the weakened droids are significantly easier for the clones to destroy, although clones have been shown being gunned down with similar ease. However, it is doubtful that the Republic managed to sabotage all major droid foundries.

Additionally, from the Journal of the 501st, it seems even elite units held a negative view of relatively small odds: "When we arrived on Kashyyyk, things were just as bad as we'd feared. The droids had us outgunned, outmaneuvered, and outmanned by a five to one margin."

- Retired 501st Legion clone trooper

The account of the Battle of Muunilinst in The New Essential Chronology says that the Republic landing involved "hundreds of assault ships, each one groaning from the weight of troopers (again, no clear indication if they were clones or non-clones) and war machines"; the figure of 3.2 million is arrived at if this phrase is extrapolated to mean around two hundred Acclamator-class assault ships, each carrying its full capacity of 16,000 clones. The term "assault ship" could indicate another vessel, like the much smaller Low Altitude Assault Transports and Republic assault gunboats, whose primary roles are troop deployment. The term could also refer to the supercruiser troop transport, a type of Republic vessel that could carry more troops than an Acclamator. No distinction between assault ships was made in the chapter which could be explained as the document's in-universe author's ignorance with military terminology as evidenced by calling all Star Dreadnoughts Super Star Destroyers. All sources dealing with the Battle of Muunilinst make sure to differentiate between the large assault ships and the small gunships, however. In Star Wars: Clone Wars, the attack on Muunilinst is carried out by LAAT/I gunships while the Acclamators fought the CIS's space forces.

The statement that only a few dozen ships were seen on-screen in the Star Wars: Clone Wars cartoon bears little meaning, as many battles in Star Wars are often fleshed out in different sources. The same series also showed hundreds of Providence-class carrier/destroyers in the Battle of Coruscant, yet some people treat this as unreliable.

Another possibility is that when Lama Su mentioned that there were 200,000 clone troopers ready for deployment, with a million more on the way, he could have been referring to only those troopers being trained in Tipoca City, although this assumption conflicts with Obi-Wan Kenobi's statements during the Battle of Kamino: "Kamino still has about a million or more clone troopers in various stages of preparation&hellip;"

- Obi-Wan Kenobi

One last solution is to return to the vague term "unit" which Lama Su mentioned. If a "unit" were to be referring to one of the battalions of 576 troopers (seen on Coruscant), then 200,000 of these would render 115,200,000 clones and the 1,000,000 others spoken of as 576,000,000. This grand total of 691,200,000 would make be far more suitable for the core of a galactic army.

However, the actual number of clone soldiers which can be seen standing in each formation at the end of Attack of the Clones amounts to 624 (26 per column and 24 per row), showing a disparity with the numbers presented in the Guide to the Grand Army. If a unit indeed amounts to one battalion, this would mean that the grand total of clones was 748,800,000.

Furthermore, it it should be noted that all planetary and judicial forces loyal to the Republic were folded into the Grand Army, allowing the Republic, which enjoyed a large population advantage over the CIS to make up for the number of battle droids with possibly hundreds of trillions of organic, non-clone soldiers.

Notes and references
Große Armee der Republik Gran Ejército de la República