Forum:KB:Clone Trooper Promotion Order

I did my best reading through the clone trooper variants page, but it wasn't able to answer my question. I'm looking for information about the basic order of clone trooper promotions. I know it relates to general military promotions (in RL), but my knowledge of that hasn't helped either.

Specifically, what sort of clones do we see going on most missions? After cadets, what's next? What is the most general type of clone? Am I a total noob and they are known as "clone troopers" or is it something else?